Optimal Adaptive Gain LQR-Based Energy Management Strategy for Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Power System

This paper aims at presenting an energy management strategy (EMS) based upon optimal control theory for a battery–supercapacitor hybrid power system. The system consists of lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor with associated bidirectional DC/DC converters. proposed EMS computing adaptive gains using the salp swarm algorithm load following technique to assign reference both while achieving performance stable voltage. converter model is derived utilizing first-principles method computes required achieve desired power. fact that developed takes disturbances into account increases elements’ life expectancies supplies